فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، تابستان 1393)

In the last two decades many countries in the West Asia and the North Africa had implemented economic liberalization as the best policy for development. But increasing in literacy، health and media access changed these countries deeply. Tunisia under 23 years of Bin Ali’s rule has experienced these changes too. He showed political stability by composition of political oppression and balancing policy and was one of the victorious countries among these countries. However، after upgrading of education of the youth people، spreading of public knowledge، globalization of culture and increasing social awareness as cultural capital for Tunisian people، they vigorously challenged the ruling system. Domestic and the international sources of these developments is the main question of this article. The authors have applied explanatory Methodology، to answer this question that: what are the domestic and International causes of the Tunisia’s 2011 Revolution?

The role of Social forces in the Middle East has increased since the end of the cold war and they have played geopolitical roles in the region. These social movements are idealist in many countries and affect strategic realities of the region. Regional actors such as Iran، Saudi Arabia، Turkey and Israel have competitive roles in the Middle East. Meanwhile، global powers especially the United have intensified the regional competitions and it seems that regional actors have organized their competitions via proxy wars. Some regional actors such as Israel and Saudi Arabia are radicalizing social forces aimed to change the balance of power in the Middle East. In this process، the effectiveness of regional actors will be increased. In fact، this process is a part of asymmetric action of social forces which is based on interference and influence of regional and international forces.

Consistent with the occurrence of the new - emerging challenges and threats in the international arena، the concept of security has also evolved in conceptual change and besides creating a kind of paradigm shift from model of state-centric security to the models of human-centered security، issues such as، human security and the protection of the existence of all human beings، has been importance and emphasis. On the other hand، if security to be considered a kind of balance in different aspects، each element of counter-balance can be disruptive security and consequently leading to insecurity. Accordingly، one of the elements that imbalance is born from it and create insecurity، is poverty in different aspects which as one of the challenges to human security provides space for growth of the annihilator security parameters، such as war، violence and human trafficking، On the flip side، it seems the protectionist and humanitarian behaviors can be used as a factor to restore and control the balance in the economic and social areas. This article seeks to analyze the parameters and characteristics of human security and also convey the position of protectionist practices from the perspective of Islamic thought to eliminate the roots of insecurity and provide solutions for reducing existing insecurity.

As Human Rights is one of the main discourses of today''s international relations، studying compliance and of commitment to international instruments of Human Rights is one of important research agendas in international relations. Driven by reported gross violation of Human Rights، in African countries، this article attempts to deconstruct the failure of African countries to comply with and implement signed international human rights conventions. Through an explanatory methodology and with relying on theories and approaches on international human rights instruments، the article argues African countries joined instruments because of strategic and political considerations، yet unable to follow the standards because of domestic conditions and circumstances. Lack of vital human rights factors in Africa، such as type of political system، state''s responsibility and the role of NGOs contributes towards negligence in non-compliance with human rights instruments.

Since long time ago، the questions such as ethics occupy a place in politics or should we consider politics from an ethical point of view، have been controversial. Specifically، this dispute along with the claim made by modern science regarding the necessity for science to be value-free، have reinforced this general belief that politics and international relations should be free from value judgments. Our question in this article is that does theorizing in social science and especially in international relations theory involve considering ethical considerations? This article explores this belief at the theoretical and meta-theoretical levels in the framework of international relations theories. Having reviewed the principles of IR theories and their approaches towards ethical values، the authors show that first at the meta-theoretical level and especially in terms of methodology، science-value dualism cannot be essentially possible and second، at the theoretical level، we can recognize deep and extensive ethical elements in international relations theories.

Yeltsin’s rise to power caused a profound optimism regarding emergence of a different era in Russian-American relationships which of course did not last long. American policy toward the NATO enlargement and later on the attempt by this country and the major European powers at the end of the first decade of twenty first century to bring Ukraine to NATO created the essential elements of crisis in relations with Russia. American support of demonstrators in November 2013 and events in Ukraine had showed the high potentials for crisis in relationships between these two countries. The question of the article deals with roots of the crisis. The Russian emphasis on the historical ties with Ukraine and the importance of geopolitics on Russian status in Europe and on the other hand American support of Ukraine western oriented policy along with American attempt to move away Ukraine from Russia in order to reduce this country maneuver power are the major causes of confrontation between these two countries.

Iran''s foreign policy has been the arena of the alternation between regionalism and internationalism. Meanwhile، the neo-regionalism is considered as a new approach to Iran’s foreign policy which establishes a linkage between regionalism and international multilateralism taking into account the characteristics of the age of globalization. Accordingly، the present paper argues that the reinforcement of interregional and trans-regional relations may pave the way for a neo-regional policy in the process of globalization. This article، in the neo-functional theoretical framework، considers the “successful regionalism” as a precondition for neo-regional policy. It discusses the potentials and achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the areas of regionalism and trans-regional relationships and explores the ways for the reinforcement of neo-regional potentialities and opportunities in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In response to the main question of “how to strengthen and to promote neo-regionalism in Iran''s foreign policy”، the present paper explains the trans-regional interactions in the age of globalization as favorable context for and promoting the neo-regional approach in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Islamic countries، with about 1. 5 billion people، allocated nearly a quarter of the world''s population. International organizations statistics including the United Nations Human Development Report shows that despite Islam emphasis on justice and reduce inequality between communities and benefit everyone of a good and healthy life، there is much inequality and differences in economic، social and… indexes field. The population used in this study، are member countries of Islamic Conference Organization. The aim of this study is evaluation the deprivation level and access level of the Islamic countries economical - social indexes and compares them to each other. Research methods are mainly library and using data and statistics from the international communities، including the annually United Nations Human Development Report)HDR). In this research have tried، are discussed for achieving the transformation of the Islamic countries economical - social indexes the time series (1990-2010) based on models and trends، Including the Morris method، indexing method and variance coefficient method or (cv). Studies show there is much inequality among Islamic countries، and many of differences are in terms of per capita income. Despite these inequalities، these countries will not be able to play their role in entire world and various aspects. So in the end، we try to provide solutions to the current situation.